Table 1 Mean and standard deviation (SD) for each parameter during the initial contact instant
From: Age-related and obstacle height-related differences in movements while stepping over obstacles
Obstacle’s heights | The elderly | The young | ANOVA | Multiple comparison | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parameters | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | F | P | Factor | Tukey’s HSD | ||
Hip flexion/extension [∠yz] (deg) | 0 cm | 23.7 | 7.7 | 27.6 | 7.5 | F1 | 2.17 | 0.15 | ||
5 cm | 21.0 | 8.3 | 25.0 | 9.3 | F2 | 2.61 | 0.08 | |||
20 cm | 19.7 | 6.7 | 25.5 | 9.9 | F3 | 0.27 | 0.77 | |||
Knee flexion/extensiona [∠yz] (deg) | 0 cm | 8.4 | 7.7 | 11.9 | 10.9 | F1 | 1.32 | 0.26 | ||
5 cm | 8.0 | 6.8 | 10.4 | 7.4 | F2 | 0.56 | 0.57 | |||
20 cm | 5.7 | 7.2 | 11.7 | 8.6 | F3 | 0.85 | 0.43 | |||
Ankle plantar flexion/dorsiflexion [∠yz] (deg); (90 − α) | 0 cm | −16.7 | 9.4 | −19.6 | 8.0 | F1 | 0.32 | 0.58 | ||
5 cm | −20.0 | 5.6 | −17.8 | 7.9 | F2 | 0.97 | 0.39 | |||
20 cm | −23.1 | 7.1 | −17.8 | 8.0 | F3 | 2.93 | 0.06 | |||
Hip abduction/adduction [∠yz] (deg); (−90 + α) | 0 cm | −6.2 | 4.2 | −9.8 | 3.3 | F1 | 4.05 | 0.06 | ||
5 cm | −7.5 | 4.5 | −9.4 | 4.5 | F2 | 0.33 | 0.72 | |||
20 cm | −6.2 | 5.0 | −9.0 | 4.5 | F3 | 0.09 | 0.91 | |||
Trunk lateral flexiona [∠zx] (deg) | 0 cm | 1.9 | 1.2 | 1.7 | 0.8 | F1 | 1.46 | 0.24 | ||
5 cm | 2.3 | 1.4 | 1.1 | 0.4 | F2 | 0.47 | 0.63 | |||
20 cm | 2.9 | 1.8 | 1.2 | 0.6 | F3 | 1.81 | 0.18 | |||
Trunk forward/backward [∠yz] (deg) | 0 cm | 2.3 | 4.4 | 3.1 | 2.6 | F1 | 0.61 | 0.44 | ||
5 cm | 1.4 | 4.3 | 2.8 | 3.0 | F2 | 2.62 | 0.08 | |||
20 cm | 0.3 | 3.8 | 1.5 | 3.7 | F3 | 0.09 | 0.91 | |||
Trunk rotationa [∠xy] (deg) | 0 cm | 11.5 | 6.2 | 22.8 | 4.1 | F1 | 5.97* | 0.02 | ||
5 cm | 12.7 | 6.6 | 19.8 | 4.2 | F2 | 0.17 | 0.85 | Group | 0, 5, 20 cm: E < Y | |
20 cm | 11.5 | 5.6 | 21.7 | 6.1 | F3 | 1.02 | 0.37 | |||
Center of gravitya [z] (cm) | 0 cm | 76.0 | 3.0 | 84.0 | 3.5 | F1 | 0.91 | 0.35 | ||
5 cm | 76.3 | 3.2 | 85.6 | 4.3 | F2 | 2.29 | 0.11 | |||
20 cm | 76.0 | 2.6 | 85.0 | 4.5 | F3 | 0.44 | 0.65 | |||
Kneea [z] (cm) | 0 cm | 35.1 | 3.0 | 38.6 | 3.8 | F1 | 1.24 | 0.28 | ||
5 cm | 34.8 | 2.7 | 38.7 | 4.5 | F2 | 1.14 | 0.33 | |||
20 cm | 33.6 | 1.9 | 38.7 | 4.3 | F 3 | 1.58 | 0.22 | |||
Anklea [z] (cm) | 0 cm | 4.6 | 0.9 | 6.1 | 1.0 | F1 | 4.07 | 0.06 | ||
5 cm | 4.7 | 0.8 | 5.6 | 1.8 | F2 | 3.16 | 0.05 | |||
20 cm | 4.2 | 0.5 | 5.4 | 1.7 | F3 | 0.84 | 0.44 | |||
Toea [z] (cm) | 0 cm | 3.9 | 1.2 | 4.8 | 1.9 | F1 | 1.06 | 0.32 | ||
5 cm | 3.1 | 1.2 | 4.5 | 2.9 | F2 | 3.17* | 0.05 | Obst. | Elderly: 0 > 20 | |
20 cm | 2.6 | 1.0 | 4.3 | 2.4 | F 3 | 0.86 | 0.43 | |||
Shouldera [z] (cm) | 0 cm | 111.0 | 4.4 | 125.3 | 5.0 | F 1 | 0.00 | 0.99 | ||
5 cm | 111.5 | 4.7 | 126.6 | 5.5 | F 2 | 3 .0 6 | 0.0 6 | |||
20 cm | 111.2 | 4.2 | 126.0 | 5.9 | F3 | 0.64 | 0.53 | |||
Waista [z] (cm) | 0 cm | 66.9 | 3.4 | 72.4 | 3.9 | F1 | 1.35 | 0.26 | ||
5 cm | 67.1 | 3.8 | 73.7 | 4.5 | F2 | 2.40 | 0.10 | |||
20 cm | 67.1 | 2.8 | 72.7 | 4.7 | F3 | 1.47 | 0.24 | |||