From: Age-related and obstacle height-related differences in movements while stepping over obstacles
Parameters | Obstacle’s heights | The elderly | The young | ANOVA | Multiple comparison | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | F | P | Factor | Tukey’s HSD | |||
Hip flexion/extension [∠yz] (deg) | 0 cm | 26.5 | 9.3 | 24.7 | 4.1 | F1 | 1.02 | 0.32 | Obst. | Elderly: 0 < 5 < 20 |
5 cm | 46.2 | 8.6 | 41.3 | 7.1 | F2 | 187.96* | 0.00 | Young: 0 < 5 < 20 | ||
20 cm | 65.5 | 11.7 | 62.9 | 8.0 | F3 | 0.33 | 0.72 | |||
Knee flexion/extension [∠yz] (deg) | 0 cm | 30.0 | 8.8 | 32.3 | 4.2 | F1 | 1.66 | 0.21 | Obst. | Elderly: 0 < 5 < 20 |
5 cm | 52.8 | 10.6 | 62.7 | 14.0 | F2 | 111.67* | 0.00 | Young: 0 < 5 < 20 | ||
20 cm | 84.2 | 16.0 | 85.4 | 16.9 | F3 | 0.88 | 0.42 | |||
Ankle plantar flexion/dorsiflexion [∠yz] (deg); (90-α) | 0 cm | −16.9 | 6.7 | −15.2 | 3.5 | F1 | 0.22 | 0.65 | Obst. | Elderly: 0, 5 < 20 |
5 cm | −15.7 | 5.3 | −11.4 | 6.6 | F2 | 13.56* | 0.00 | |||
20 cm | −6.1 | 9.0 | −9.0 | 7.6 | F3 | 2.38 | 0.10 | |||
Hip abduction/adduction [∠yz] (deg); (−90 + α) | 0 cm | −8.7 | 4.6 | −9.3 | 4.3 | F1 | 0.12 | 0.73 | Obst. | Elderly: 0, 5 > 20 |
5 cm | −12.1 | 8.4 | −11.5 | 4.6 | F2 | 13.04* | 0.00 | |||
20 cm | −26.4 | 20.8 | −22.5 | 13.0 | F3 | 0.28 | 0.75 | |||
Trunk lateral flexion [∠zx] (deg) | 0 cm | 1.7 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 0.8 | F1 | 1.04 | 0 .3 2 | ||
5 cm | 2.3 | 1.6 | 1.5 | 1.2 | F2 | 6.54* | 0.00 | nsa | ||
20 cm | 2.5 | 1.4 | 2.4 | 1.2 | F3 | 1.16 | 0.32 | |||
Trunk forward/backward [∠yz] (deg) | 0 cm | 2.3 | 4.2 | 0.8 | 2.1 | F1 | 0.72 | 0.40 | ||
5 cm | 2.4 | 4.8 | 0.7 | 2.8 | F 2 | 0 .1 9 | 0.83 | |||
20 cm | 2.3 | 4.4 | 1.5 | 4.1 | F3 | 0.28 | 0.76 | |||
Trunk rotation [∠xy] (deg) | 0 cm | 8.2 | 4.7 | 11.9 | 2.6 | F1 | 11.10* | 0.00 | Group | 5 cm: E < Y |
5 cm | 7.0 | 4.1 | 13.8 | 7.0 | F2 | 0.05 | 0.95 | |||
20 cm | 8.5 | 4.8 | 11.4 | 7.2 | F3 | 0.93 | 0.40 | |||
Center of gravity [z] (cm) | 0 cm | 78.2 | 2.9 | 88.0 | 4.4 | F1 | 51.79* | 0.00 | Group | 0, 5, 20 cm: E < Y |
5 cm | 79.5 | 2.6 | 90.2 | 4.8 | F2 | 98.41* | 0.00 | Obst. | Elderly: 0 < 5 < 20 | |
20 cm | 81.7 | 2.4 | 93.3 | 4.8 | F3 | 4.05* | 0.02 | Young: 0 < 5 < 20 | ||
Kneeb [z] (cm) | 0 cm | 39.6 | 3.0 | 43.1 | 3.3 | F1 | 0.42 | 0.52 | ||
5 cm | 48.8 | 3.3 | 51.8 | 3.2 | F2 | 283.35* | 0.00 | Obst. | Elderly: 0 < 5 < 20 | |
20 cm | 61.6 | 4.9 | 67.6 | 5.0 | F3 | 1.32 | 0.28 | Young: 0 < 5 < 20 | ||
Ankle [z] (cm) | 0 cm | 8.2 | 1.1 | 9.1 | 1.3 | F1 | 14.64* | 0.00 | Group | 5, 20 cm: E < Y |
5 cm | 18.0 | 3.4 | 22.0 | 2.8 | F2 | 520.71* | 0.00 | Elderly: 0 < 5 < 20 | ||
20 cm | 35.5 | 4.0 | 39.7 | 4.0 | F3 | 2.12 | 0.13 | Obst. | Young : 0 < 5 < 20 | |
Toe [z] (cm) | 0 cm | 4.5 | 1.2 | 4.8 | 1.3 | F1 | 3.10 | 0.09 | Obst. | Elderly: 0 < 5 < 20 |
5 cm | 14.1 | 3.4 | 16.2 | 2.3 | F2 | 464.01* | 0.00 | Young : 0 < 5 < 20 | ||
20 cm | 31.3 | 4.6 | 33.9 | 4.4 | F3 | 0.89 | 0.42 | |||
Shoulderb [z] (cm) | 0 cm | 113.4 | 4.5 | 129.7 | 5.8 | F1 | 3.00 | 0.10 | ||
5 cm | 113.3 | 4.2 | 130.4 | 6.1 | F2 | 3.06 | 0.06 | |||
20 cm | 113.4 | 3.9 | 131.2 | 6.3 | F3 | 2.84 | 0.07 | |||
Waistb [z] (cm) | 0 cm | 69.4 | 3.1 | 76.2 | 4.8 | F1 | 0.58 | 0.46 | ||
5 cm | 70.3 | 2.8 | 78.0 | 5.4 | F2 | 39.18* | 0.00 | Obst. | Elderly: 0, 5 < 20 | |
20 cm | 71.8 | 3.0 | 80.4 | 5.3 | F3 | 2.76 | 0.07 | Young : 0, 5 < 20 |