Table 3 Summary of studies that assessed association of dermatoglyphics with hypertension
Author | County | Group | Ethnicity | Age | Number | Sex | Diagnostic criteria | Dermatoglyphic findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lahiri et al. [26] | West Bengal India | Cases | NR | More than 20 years of age | 131 | NR | Diagnosed as hypertensive and family history of hypertension | Qualitative traits In hypertensives (both sexes): double loop and arch more and whorl, ulnar loop and radial loop are less. |
Quantitative traits | ||||||||
Control | NR | More than 20 years of age | 145 | NR | Normal blood pressure (not diagnosed as hypertensives) and absence of family history of hypertension | In hypertensives (both sexes): average ridge counts per finger were high. Corrected atd angles were high | ||
Umana et al. [27] | Nigeria | Cases | NR | NR | 118 | NR | Clinically diagnosed hypertensive patients visiting OPD | Qualitative traits In hypertensives (female): significantly higher loop and slightly higher whorl and low arch patterns in both hands |
Control | NR | NR | 126 | NR | Normotensive and no family history of hypertension | |||
Rashad et al. [28] | Island of Oahu Hawaii | Cases | American Japanese | NR | Total 742. (the prevalence of hypertension is 9.2) | Males | Hypertension was diagnosed with published criteria by AHA 1960 | No significant difference in qualitative traits (finger patterns) or quantitative traits (TRC and ARC) |
Control | American Japanese | NR | people who did not develop hypertension | Males | People who did not develop hypertension | |||
Reed T [29] | Indiana USA | Case | NR | Mean 63 years (59–70) at third examination of cohort | 308 members of twin cohort | Males | “Hypertensive if first, whether subject was on Anti hypertensive drugs or not. Second, 2 physicians’ diagnostic impression related to hypertension. If the above criteria are not met, thirdly, the blood pressure mean”. If patient not on medication or diagnosed by physician as hypertensive, considered hypertensive if SBP ≥ 140 mmHg and DBP ≥ 90 mmHg | Qualitative traits There are no useful relationships between dermatoglyphics and hypertension or strong relationships between the presence of certain dermatoglyphic markers of impaired fetal development. Except subject with high SBP had lower palmar a–b ridge count. Quantitative traits In hypertensives: subjects with high SBP had lower palmar a–b ridge count. Co-twins showed lower ridge counts on the left hand. |
Control | NR | 316 members of twin cohort | Males | Normotensive defined as those who attended 2 out of 3 examinations, was not hypertensive or not on antihypertensive at any 3 examinations during 14–18-year study period |