Fig. 1

The experimental setting for repeated isometric knee extensor exercise. The isometric exercise duty cycle between 10-s isometric muscle contraction (IMC) and 10-s muscle relaxation (MR) was repeated for 5 min. Hemodynamic parameters were simultaneously measured through all experiments at 10, 30, 50, 70, and 90 % MVC, respectively. Measurement was defined at pre-exercise, as well as steady-state exercise. %MVC percentage of maximum voluntary contraction