Table 1 Physical characteristics of the subjects

Age

(years)

20 ± 1

20 ± 1

19 ± 1

Height

(cm)

170.5 ± 6.2

172.0 ± 5.5

171.6 ± 6.0

Weight

(kg)

62.29 ± 8.56^bbb

84.06 ± 13.17^{aaa, ccc}

66.09 ± 8.92^bbb

Body mass index

(kg·m⁻¹·m⁻¹)

21.3 ± 2.0^bbb

28.4 ± 4.0^{aaa, ccc}

22.5 ± 2.8^bbb

Percent body fat

(%)

12.9 ± 4.9^b

18.0 ± 5.0^c

13.9 ± 4.7

Whole body muscle mass

(kg)

51.14 ± 4.36^bbb

64.91 ± 7.19^{aaa, ccc}

53.67 ± 5.12^bbb

Upper body weight

(kg)

36.18 ± 5.20^bbb

49.48 ± 8.17^{aaa, ccc}

38.18 ± 5.68^bbb

Upper body muscle mass

(kg)

31.30 ± 2.61^bbb

39.90 ± 4.80^{aaa, ccc}

32.63 ± 3.41^bbb

Peak WR_-AC

(watt)

108 ± 12^{bb, ccc}

139 ± 27^aa

146 ± 24^aaa

Peak \( \overset{.}{V} \)O_2-AC

(ml·min⁻¹)

1940 ± 297^{b, ccc}

2441 ± 510^a

2724 ± 394^aaa

Relative peak \( \overset{.}{V} \)O_2-AC

(ml·min⁻¹·kg⁻¹)

38.05 ± 5.79^ccc

37.63 ± 6.67^ccc

50.82 ± 6.17^{aaa, bbb}

Peak ISLE

(kgf)

121 ± 14^b

152 ± 29^a,c

118 ± 37^b