Table 1 Participant characteristics
Variables | Summer (n = 20) | Winter (n = 20) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 21.0 ± 1.2 | 20.6 ± 0.9 | 0.19 |
Female, % | 40 | 40 | – |
Height, cm | 165.7 ± 9.1 | 166.0 ± 6.6 | 0.90 |
Body weight, kg | 68.3 ± 14.6 | 64.9 ± 13.3 | 0.45 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 24.7 ± 4.0 | 23.4 ± 3.6 | 0.28 |
Body fat, % | 26.0 ± 8.5 | 23.7 ± 6.0 | 0.33 |
Fat mass, kg | 17.6 ± 9.2 | 14.2 ± 5.0 | 0.16 |
Lean body mass, kg | 47.6 ± 7.8 | 47.2 ± 9.5 | 0.89 |
Bone mass, kg | 2.9 ± 0.4 | 2.8 ± 0.5 | 0.38 |
SBP, mmHg | 118.6 ± 17.6 | 120.1 ± 10.5 | 0.74 |
DBP, mmHg | 64.4 ± 14.4 | 66.4 ± 7.8 | 0.60 |
Heart rate, bpm | 71.2 ± 12.9 | 65.1 ± 8.8 | 0.09 |
Steps, per day | 7060.6 ± 2478.8 | 7690.1 ± 2027.8 | 0.39 |
Energy expenditure, kcal/day | 218.5 ± 93.2 | 193.0 ± 64.2 | 0.32 |
Energy intake, kcal/day | 1997 ± 718 | 1787 ± 682 | 0.35 |
Protein intake, g/day | 63.4 ± 22.7 | 63.5 ± 25.2 | 0.99 |
Fat intake, g/day | 58.0 ± 22.5 | 57.4 ± 19.9 | 0.93 |
Carbohydrate intake, g/day | 293.7 ± 110.3 | 239.9 ± 101.6 | 0.12 |