Fig. 5

Averaged facial portraits representing differences between Maasai men and women. Sex differences in facial shape of Maasai from three age cohorts. Geometric morphometric morphs display the facial shape change from a sexually undifferentiated face (in the middle) toward the average female (to the left) and male (to the right) face. The outer configurations represent differences exaggerated by a factor of 3. Sex differences were significant for young-adults (var. expl. = 2%, p < 0.05), and for mid-adults (var. expl. = 3%, p < 0.01) (according to permutation test with 10000 permutations)