Table 1 Sex differences in facial traits of young- and mid-adult Maasai controlled for BMI

Young-adults (17–29 years)

Upper fWHR

|Zy-Zy| / |N-Sto|

1.85

0.12

1.85

0.11

0.01

< 0.001

0.955

|Zy-Zy| / |Gl-Sto|

1.68

0.12

1.67

0.09

0.41

0.004

0.525

|Zy-Zy| / |N-Ls|

2.15

0.18

2.15

0.14

0.01

< 0.001

0.920

|Zy-Zy| / |Gl-Ls|

1.93

0.17

1.91

0.12

0.53

0.005

0.470

Total fWHR

|Zy-Zy| / |N-Gn|

1.16

0.07

1.18

0.06

1.30

0.012

0.257

Lower fWHR

|Zy-Zy| / |Sn-Gn|

2.05

0.18

2.09

0.16

1.78

0.016

0.185

Cheekbone prominence

|Zy-Zy| / |Go-Go|

1.25

0.06

1.24

0.05

0.01

< 0.001

0.960

Mandibular index

|Go-Go| / |Sto-Gn|

2.55

0.23

2.63

0.25

3.34

0.030

0.070⁺

Nasal index

|Al-Al| / |N-Sn|

0.86

0.09

0.81

0.06

9.09

0.078

0.003*

Mouth shape

|Ls-Li| / |Ch-Ch|

0.45

0.08

0.45

0.06

0.01

< 0.001

0.931

Mouth-face index

|Ch-Ch| / |Zy-Zy|

0.39

0.03

0.38

0.03

4.43

0.038

0.039*

Height-to-width ratio of the eye (mean)

|Ps-Pi| / |Ex-En|

0.27

0.04

0.28

0.05

1.65

0.015

0.202

Mid-adults (30–50 years)

Upper fWHR

|Zy-Zy| / |N-Sto|

1.78

0.11

1.81

0.11

0.60

0.006

0.441

|Zy-Zy| / |Gl-Sto|

1.63

0.12

1.64

0.11

0.12

0.001

0.732

|Zy-Zy| / |N-Ls|

2.02

0.14

2.07

0.15

1.71

0.016

0.194

|Zy-Zy| / |Gl-Ls|

1.83

0.14

1.84

0.14

0.01

< 0.001

0.905

Total fWHR

|Zy-Zy| / |N-Gn|

1.15

0.06

1.16

0.06

0.78

0.007

0.378

Lower fWHR

|Zy-Zy| / |Sn-Gn|

2.08

0.19

2.09

0.20

0.01

< 0.001

0.926

Cheekbone prominence

|Zy-Zy| / |Go-Go|

1.24

0.05

1.22

0.05

1.61

0.015

0.208

Mandibular index

|Go-Go| / |Sto-Gn|

2.62

0.30

2.69

0.31

0.77

0.007

0.381

Nasal index

|Al-Al| / |N-Sn|

0.83

0.09

0.81

0.07

3.82

0.034

0.053⁺

Mouth shape

|Ls-Li| / |Ch-Ch|

0.39

0.07

0.41

0.08

2.13

0.019

0.148

Mouth-face index

|Ch-Ch| / |Zy-Zy|

0.40

0.03

0.39

0.03

0.68

0.006

0.412

Height-to-width ratio of the eye (mean)

|Ps-Pi| / |Ex-En|

0.27

0.06

0.25

0.04

2.71

0.025

0.103