Table 1 Characteristics of the study population

Age (y)

31.2 (29.7–32.7)

32.5 (30.5–34.6)

30.1 (28.1–32.3)

0.113

Height (cm)

158.4 (156.2–160.5)

165.2 (162.7–167.8)

153.2 (151.0–155.4)

< 0.001

Weight (kg)

56.7 (54.4–59.1)

62.2 (59.4–65.0)

52.6 (49.5–55.6)

< 0.001

BMI (kg/m²)

22.6 (21.8–23.4)

22.9 (21.7–24.0)

22.4 (21.2–23.5)

0.544

Heart rate (bpm)

81.0 (78.4–83.6)

79.2 (75.5–82.9)

82.3 (78.6–86.1)

0.241

SBP (mmHg)

117.6 (114.6–120.6)

123.0 (118.4–127.6)

113.6 (109.9–117.2)

0.002

DBP (mmHg)

75.6 (73.1–78.0)

77.7 (74.0–81.3)

74.0 (70.6–77.3)

0.138

SpO₂ (%)

92.4 (92.0–92.8)

92.5 (91.8–93.2)

92.4 (91.9–92.9)

0.820

Hemoglobin (g/dl)

13.6 (13.1–14.0)

14.6 (14.1–15.1)

12.7 (12.2–13.4)

< 0.001

Finger temperature (°C)

33.8 (33.1–34.6)

34.4 (33.4–35.5)

33.4 (32.3–34.5)

0.179

Current smoking (yes)

22.5 (13.5–34.0)

35.5 (18.6–52.3)

12.5 (2.3–22.8)

0.043

Alcohol drinking (yes)

16.9 (8.2–25.6)

35.5 (18.6–52.3)

2.5 (0.0–7.3)

< 0.001

Physical activity (yes)

74.6 (64.5–84.8)

67.7 (51.3–84.2)

80.0 (67.6–91.0)

0.279