Fig. 1

Schematic representation of the experimental flow. Lightning bolt symbols mean electrical stimulations. ICW, intracellular water; ICW/TW, intracellular-to-total water ratio; MVC, maximal voluntary isometric contraction; nRMS, root-mean-square value of electromyographic activity normalized by M-wave amplitude; PT, peak torque; RTD, rate of torque development; S-BIS, segmental bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy; TPT, time-to-peak torque; VA, voluntary activation. The number written in subscript (0–50, 50–100, and 100–200) represents time intervals for RTD analysis. Zero means the onset of contraction