Table 1 Comparison between influenza positive and negative cases based on different variables

Nasopharyngeal samples

66 (20.4)

257 (79.6)

323

Age

 < 12 months

9 (13.6)

68 (26.5)

77

1

 1–5 years old

38 (57.6)

124 (48.2)

162

2.315 (1.057–5.074)

0.036

 > 5 years old

19 (28.8)

65 (25.3)

84

2.209 (0.932–5.234)

0.072

Gender

 Female

21 (31.8)

114 (44.4)

188

1

 Male

45 (68.2)

143 (55.6)

135

1.708 (0.963–3.031)

0.067

Race

 Malay

6 (9.1)

9 (3.5)

15

1

 Kadazan-Dusun

20 (30.3)

88 (34.2)

108

0.341 (0.109–1.067)

0.065

 Bajau

14 (21.2)

76 (29.6)

90

0.276 (0.085–0.899)

0.033

 Suluk

4 (6.1)

12 (4.7)

16

0.458 (0.147–1.430)

0.179

 Others

22 (33.3)

72 (28.0)

94

0.500 (0.108–2.314)

0.375

Parent’s education level

 Tertiary

26 (39.4)

80 (31.1)

106

1

 Secondary

34 (51.5)

158 (61.5)

192

0.662 (0.372–1.179)

0.161

 Primary

3 (4.5)

11 (4.3)

14

0.839 (0.217–3.241)

0.799

 No formal education

3 (4.5)

8 (3.1)

11

1.154 (0.285–4.673)

0.841

District

 Kota Kinabalu

34 (51.5)

139 (54.1)

173

1

 Penampang

14 (21.2)

68 (26.5)

82

0.842 (0.424–1.673)

0.623

 Others

18 (27.3)

50 (19.5)

68

1.472 (0.763–2.837)

0.249

House-Type

 Apartment / Flat

15 (22.7)

55 (21.4)

70

1

 Semi-detached house^a

40 (60.6)

146 (56.8)

186

1.005 (0.514–1.962)

0.989

 Others

11 (16.7)

56 (21.8)

67

0.720 (0.304–1.706)

0.456

Number of family members

 1–3

19 (28.8)

79 (30.7)

98

1

 4–5

21 (31.8)

110 (42.8)

131

0.794 (0.400–1.574)

0.508

 6 and above

26 (39.4)

68 (26.5)

94

1.590 (0.810–3.121)

0.178

Contact history

 No

43 (65.2)

189 (73.5)

232

1

 Yes

23 (34.8)

68 (26.5)

91

1.487 (0.835–2.648)

0.178

Schooling

 No

51 (77.3)

184 (71.6)

235

1

 Yes

15 (22.7)

73 (28.4)

88

0.741 (0.392–1.401)

0.357

Pet at home

 No

31 (47.0)

154 (59.9)

185

1

 Yes

35 (53.0)

103 (40.1)

138

1.688 (0.980–2.908)

0.059

Immunization status

 Completed

64 (97.0)

255 (99.2)

319

1

 Not Completed

2 (3.0)

2 (0.8)

4

3.984 (0.551–28.830)

0.171

Influenza vaccination

 Yes

0 (0)

5 (1.9)

5

1

 No

66 (100)

252 (98.1)

318

423,100,930.2 (0.00)

0.999

Breast feeding

 Yes

38 (57.6)

155 (60.3)

193

1

 No

28 (42.4)

102 (39.7)

130

1.120 (0.647–1.938)

0.686

Underlying medical illness

 No

61 (92.4)

248 (96.5)

309

1

 Yes

5 (7.6)

9 (3.5)

14

2.259 (0.731–6.982)

0.157

Cough

 Yes

64 (97.0)

252 (98.1)

316

0.635 (0.120–3.348)

0.592

 No

2 (3.0)

5 (1.9)

7

1

Rhinitis

 Yes

62 (93.9)

251 (97.7)

313

0.371 (0.101–1.353)

0.133

 No

4 (6.1)

6 (2.3)

10

1

Seizure

 Yes

10 (15.2)

11 (4.3)

21

3.994 (1.617–9.864)

0.003

 No

56 (84.8)

246 (95.7)

302

1

Vomiting

 Yes

8 (12.1)

16 (6.2)

24

2.078 (0.848–5.089)

0.110

 No

58 (87.9)

241 (93.8)

299

1

Diarrhea

 Yes

13 (19.7)

54 (21.0)

67

0.922 (0.469–1.814)

0.814

 No

53 (80.3)

203 (79.0)

256

1

Child activity

 Not active

31 (47.0)

84 (32.7)

115

1.824 (1.053–3.159)

0.032

 Active

35 (53.0)

173 (67.3)

208

1

Appetite

 Absent

10 (15.2)

36 (14.0)

46

1.096 (0.513–2.343)

0.813

 Present

56 (84.8)

221 (86.0)

277

1

Sore throat

 Yes

7 (10.6)

18 (7.0)

25

1.575 (0.629–3.946)

0.332

 No

59 (89.4)

239 (93.0)

298

1

Temperature on admission

 38 °C and below

9 (13.6)

51 (19.8)

60

1

0.014

 Above 38 °C

57 (86.4)

206 (80.2)

263

1.773 (1.125–2.795)