Table 1 Participant characteristics

    Gestational age (week)

39.0 (1.1)

39.0 (1.1)

0.71

 Length (cm)

48.8 (1.9)

49.4 (1.8)

<0.05

 Weight (kg)

3.0 (0.4)

3.1 (0.4)

<0.05

 BMI (kg/m²)

12.5 (1.1)

12.7 (1.2)

0.12

 Height (cm)

80.0 (2.8)

81.7 (2.5)

<0.05

 Weight (kg)

10.3 (1.0)

11.0 (1.1)

<0.05

 BMI (kg/m²)

16.0 (1.2)^c

16.4 (1.3)^c

<0.05

 Height (cm)

95.2 (3.7)

96.8 (3.5)

<0.05

 Weight (kg)

14.2 (1.6)

15.0 (1.8)

<0.05

 BMI (kg/m²)

15.7 (1.1)^d

15.9 (1.2)^d

<0.05

 Height (cm)

154.7 (5.1)

162.2 (6.7)

<0.05

 Weight (kg)

47.2 (7.0)

50.8 (9.7)

<0.05

 BMI (kg/m²)

19.7 (2.6)

19.2 (2.9)

0.06

 Waist circumference (cm)

68.5 (6.5)

68.7 (7.9)

0.73

 WtHR

0.44 (0.04)

0.42 (0.04)

<0.05

 WtHR > 0.5 (N)

22 (10%)

18 (9%)

0.62

 BMI > overweight cutoff^b, (N)

18 (8%)

27 (13%)

0.11

 BMI < underweight cutoff^b, (N)

21 (9%)

25 (12%)

0.42

 Body fat percentage (%)

23.1 (4.9)

14.8 (5.1)

<0.05

 FM (kg)

11.2 (3.8)

7.8 (4.1)

<0.05

 FMI (kg/m²)

4.7 (1.6)

3.0 (1.5)

<0.05