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Table 3 Age-related changes in the displacement of the center of pressure in the anteroposterior direction (CoPap) during arm flexion, arm movement time, and the position of CoPap before arm movement

From: Age-related changes in the activation timing of postural muscles to the prime mover muscle for bilateral arm flexion during standing

Groups

CoPap displacement (%FL)

Movement time (ms)

CoPap position before arm movement (%FL)

Mean (SD)

Mean (SD)

Mean (SD)

3–4 years

9.15 (3.99)#

648.24 (84.83)#

39.69 (5.08)#c

5–6 years

8.61 (3.19)#

615.41 (91.06)#

39.05 (6.46)#c

7–8 years

7.94 (2.64)#

555.13 (89.21)a

39.25 (5.71)#c

9–10 years

6.74 (3.02)a

568.88 (67.28)a

41.29 (6.82)

11–12 years

7.32 (2.04)#a

544.37 (69.97)ab

44.33 (6.30)

13–14 years

7.26 (1.84)#a

559.35 (35.74)ab

41.18 (6.82)

Young adults

5.59 (1.94)

525.96 (75.65)

44.92 (4.63)

  1. Sharps indicate significant differences relative to adults. #p < 0.05. aIndicates a significant difference compared to 3–4 years (p < 0.05). bIndicates a significant difference compared to 5–6 years (p < 0.05). cIndicates a significant difference compared to 11–12 years (p < 0.05). FL Foot length