Fig. 1

The HR and RPE changes during intermittent cycling exercise at EX + 4 °C and EX + 60 °C trials. The upper panel indicates HR, and the lower panel indicates RPE. HR and RPE were measured at the end of the recovery performed at 25 W for 40 s. Data were analyzed using two-factor ANOVA. EX: 20 sets of moderate-intensity interval exercises, in which 1 set consisted of 120% maximum heart rate for 20 s and 25 W for 40 s; 4 °C: carbohydrate-protein-containing drink intake at 4 °C; 60 °C: carbohydrate-protein-containing drink intake at 60 °C. There was a significant main effect of time (p < 0.001). There were no main effect of trial (p = 0.812) and interaction (p = 0.356)