Effect of time pressure on attentional shift and anticipatory postural control during unilateral shoulder abduction reactions in an oddball-like paradigm

Table 1 Means and standard deviations (SD) of data related to motor output

Dependent variable	Condition	Mean ± SD	Statistical values of one-way ANOVA	Significance
Duration of arm raising (ms)	1.0 s	457.6 ± 52.7	F _2,24 = 1.4	N.S
	1.5 s	478.0 ± 74.2
	2.0 s	477.1 ± 82.3
Duration of arm maintenance (ms)	1.0 s	304.1 ± 245.9	F _1,15 = 0.02	N.S
	1.5 s	298.9 ± 203.0
	2.0 s	301.5 ± 189.8
Duration of arm lowering (ms)	1.0 s	361.1 ± 55.1	F _2,24 = 0.1	N.S
	1.5 s	365.5 ± 47.9
	2.0 s	364.6 ± 47.3
CoPml mean position before arm movement (cm)	1.0 s	0.2 ± 1.3	F _2,24 = 0.7	N.S
	1.5 s	0.2 ± 1.2
	2.0 s	0.1 ± 1.1
CoPml displacement (cm)	1.0 s	1.4 ± 0.6	F _2,24 = 1.0	N.S
	1.5 s	1.4 ± 0.7
	2.0 s	1.5 ± 0.8
CoPap mean position before arm movement (cm)	1.0 s	10.1 ± 1.6	F _1,17 = 0.4	N.S
	1.5 s	10.0 ± 1.1
	2.0 s	10.2 ± 1.3
CoPap displacement (cm)	1.0 s	0.8 ± 0.3	F _2,24 = 0.5	N.S
	1.5 s	0.7 ± 0.3
	2.0 s	0.8 ± 0.3
Error rate of response (%)	1.0 s	0.8 ± 1.0	F _2,24 = 0.9	N.S
	1.5 s	1.4 ± 2.6
	2.0 s	0.9 ± 1.2
MD reaction time (ms)	1.0 s	311.4 ± 39.6	F _2,24 = 9.9	p < 0.001
	1.5 s	335.5 ± 50.2^a
	2.0 s	333.0 ± 36.6^a
EMG peak amplitude of MD (μV)	1.0 s	293.5 ± 182.6	F _2,24 = 1.41	N.S
	1.5 s	287.5 ± 160.5
	2.0 s	308.1 ± 185.3
EMG peak amplitude of ES (μV)	1.0 s	23.5 ± 13.2	F _2,24 = 3.03	N.S
	1.5 s	19.9 ± 8.5
	2.0 s	23.4 ± 11.5
EMG peak amplitude of GM (μV)	1.0 s	29.3 ± 12.9	F _2,24 = 0.14	N.S
EMG peak amplitude of GM (μV)	1.5 s	30.1 ± 15.9	F _2,24 = 0.14	N.S
	2.0 s	29.4 ± 11.0

CoPmI: center of foot pressure in the mediolateral direction, CoPap: center of foot pressure in the anteroposterior direction, MD: middle deltoid, ES: erector spinae, GM: glueus medius, EMG: electromyogram, ANOVA: analysis of variance.
^aindicates a significant differences compared to 1.0-s condition (p < 0.01).

ISSN: 1880-6805