Table 3 Mean and SD for each parameter during the swing instant with the trailing limb
From: Age-related and obstacle height-related differences in movements while stepping over obstacles
Obstacle’s heights | The elderly | The young | ANOVA | Multiple comparison | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parameters | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | F | P | Factor | Tukey’s HSD | ||
Hip flexion/extension [∠yz] (deg) | 0 cm | −3.1 | 10.2 | −6.4 | 8.7 | F1 | 7.16* | 0.01 | Group | 5, 20 cm: E > Y |
5 cm | 12.4 | 9.8 | −1.6 | 9.4 | F2 | 70.35* | 0.00 | Obst. | Elderly: 0 < 5 < 20 | |
20 cm | 26.5 | 11.3 | 14.8 | 9.9 | F3 | 3.43* | 0.04 | Young: 0, 5 < 20 | ||
Knee flexion/extensiona [∠yz] (deg) | 0 cm | 56.9 | 7.5 | 54.7 | 9.6 | F1 | 2.44 | 0.13 | ||
5 cm | 82.8 | 9.8 | 74.1 | 10.7 | F2 | 190.46* | 0.00 | Obst. | Elderly: 0 < 5 < 20 | |
20 cm | 115.3 | 7.7 | 103.3 | 10.8 | F3 | 1.64 | 0.21 | Young: 0 < 5 < 20 | ||
Ankle plantar flexion/dorsiflexion [∠yz] (deg); (90-α) | 0 cm | −30.5 | 6.5 | −36.9 | 7.6 | F1 | 2.39 | 0.14 | ||
5 cm | −24.7 | 8.4 | −30.4 | 9.7 | F2 | 15.04* | 0.00 | Obst. | Elderly: 0, 5 < 20 | |
20 cm | −15.6 | 7.0 | −26.8 | 13.3 | F3 | 0.8 8 | 0.42 | |||
Hip abduction/adduction [∠yz] (deg); (−90 + α) | 0 cm | 1.0 | 3.5 | −0.8 | 3.5 | F1 | 0.03 | 0.86 | ||
5 cm | −0.1 | 6.2 | 1.5 | 5.8 | F2 | 1.59 | 0.21 | |||
20 cm | 3.7 | 6.6 | 1.8 | 9.5 | F3 | 1.26 | 0.29 | |||
Trunk lateral flexiona [∠zx] (deg) | 0 cm | 1.8 | 1.4 | 1.1 | 0.8 | F1 | 0.38 | 0.55 | ||
5 cm | 2.5 | 1.8 | 1.6 | 1.3 | F2 | 8.96* | 0.00 | Obst. | Elderly: 0, 5 < 20 | |
20 cm | 4.3 | 2.3 | 2.2 | 1.3 | F3 | 1.68 | 0.20 | |||
Trunk forward/backwarda [∠yz] (deg) | 0 cm | −1.8 | 4.3 | −2.9 | 2.0 | F1 | 0.61 | 0.44 | ||
5 cm | 0.7 | 4.6 | -3.1 | 2.6 | F2 | 22.99* | 0.00 | Obst. | Elderly: 0, 5 < 20 | |
20 cm | 5.0 | 4.8 | 0.3 | 3 .2 | F 3 | 2 .9 0 | 0.07 | |||
Trunk rotation [∠xy] (deg) | 0 cm | 8.4 | 4.5 | 8.3 | 5.3 | F1 | 1.15 | 0.30 | ||
5 cm | 5.5 | 5.1 | 10.6 | 6.6 | F2 | 1.67 | 0.20 | |||
20 cm | 6.1 | 5.9 | 5.1 | 4.1 | F3 | 1.96 | 0.15 | |||
Center of gravitya [z] (cm) | 0 cm | 77.1 | 2.6 | 86.1 | 3.8 | F1 | 0.03 | 0.87 | Obst. | Elderly: 0, 5 < 20 |
5 cm | 77.6 | 2.7 | 86.9 | 4.1 | F2 | 47.06* | 0.00 | Young: 0, 5 < 20 | ||
20 cm | 80.0 | 2.6 | 89.1 | 4.7 | F3 | 0.10 | 0.90 | |||
Knee [z] (cm) | 0 cm | 35.1 | 2.4 | 37.1 | 2.6 | F1 | 3.09 | 0.09 | Obst. | Elderly: 0 < 5 < 20 |
5 cm | 37.5 | 2.5 | 39.4 | 3.1 | F2 | 86.39* | 0.00 | Young: 0, 5 < 20 | ||
20 cm | 43.0 | 3.1 | 44.9 | 4.4 | F3 | 0.01 | 0.99 | |||
Ankle [z] (cm) | 0 cm | 19.6 | 1.3 | 20.9 | 2.7 | F1 | 0.69 | 0.41 | Obst. | Elderly: 0 < 5 < 20 |
5 cm | 28.2 | 3.0 | 29.8 | 3.3 | F2 | 342.62* | 0.00 | Young: 0 < 5 < 20 | ||
20 cm | 44.7 | 3.9 | 44.4 | 5.6 | F3 | 0.56 | 0.57 | |||
Toe [z] (cm) | 0 cm | 9.4 | 1.1 | 9.1 | 1.5 | F1 | 0.21 | 0.65 | O b st. | Elderly: 0 < 5 < 20 |
5 cm | 18.0 | 3.1 | 18.8 | 3.7 | F2 | 319.63* | 0.00 | Young: 0 < 5 < 20 | ||
20 cm | 35.9 | 4.3 | 34.2 | 6.1 | F3 | 0.74 | 0.48 | |||
Shoulde ra [z] (cm) | 0 cm | 112.0 | 3.9 | 127.5 | 4.9 | F1 | 3.36 | 0.08 | ||
5 cm | 111.9 | 4.1 | 127.7 | 5.2 | F2 | 10.04* | 0.00 | Obst. | Young: 0 < 20 | |
20 cm | 113.0 | 4.1 | 129.2 | 6.0 | F3 | 0.4 4 | 0.64 | |||
Waista [z] (cm) | 0 cm | 67.8 | 3.2 | 73.5 | 4.4 | F1 | 0.27 | 0.61 | Obst. | Elderly: 0, 5 < 20 |
5 cm | 67.8 | 3.2 | 74.1 | 4.8 | F2 | 18.31* | 0.00 | Young: 0 < 20 | ||
20 cm | 69.9 | 3.3 | 75.5 | 5.2 | F3 | 0.44 | 0.64 | |||