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Table 2 Relationship between physical fitness and the COVID-19 pandemic

From: Association between decreased grip strength in preschool children and the COVID-19 pandemic: an observational study from 2015 to 2021

 

Year of survey

 

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2021

F or χ2

p

partial η2

Overall (n = 593)

n = 107

n = 103

n = 104

n = 106

n = 90

n = 83

   

 Grip strength, kg

7.7 ± 0.2

(0.13)

8.9 ± 0.2***

(0.40)

8.9 ± 0.2***

(0.41)

8.6 ± 0.2***

(0.34)

8.3 ± 0.2***

(0.29)

7.2 ± 0.2

12.14

 < 0.001

0.09

 Standing long jump, cm

90.8 ± 1.4

(0.04)

94.0 ± 1.5

(0.15)

89.5 ± 1.5

(< 0.00)

87.3 ± 1.5

(0.08)

92.9 ± 1.6

(0.11)

89.6 ± 1.6

2.72

0.019

0.02

 25-m run, s

6.6, 5.9–7.4

(– 0.11)

6.8, 6.0–7.5

(– 0.03)

6.6, 6.1–7.3

(– 0.07)

6.6, 6.2–7.5

(– 0.04)

7.2, 6.7–8.1

(0.19)

6.6, 6.3–7.6

22.23

 < 0.001

Boys (n = 301)

n = 56

n = 58

n = 52

n = 46

n = 44

n = 45

   

 Grip strength, kg

7.8 ± 0.3

(0.01)

9.1 ± 0.3**

(0.32)

9.4 ± 0.3***

(0.36)

9.1 ± 0.3**

(0.32)

8.6 ± 0.3

(0.20)

7.8 ± 0.3

6.15

 < 0.001

0.09

 Standing long jump, cm

94.5 ± 2.1

(0.01)

94.2 ± 2.1

(0.01)

95.4 ± 2.2

(0.03)

90.4 ± 2.3

(0.13)

96.8 ± 2.4

(0.08)

94.5 ± 2.3

0.85

0.517

0.01

 25-m run, s

6.6, 5.8–7.4

(– 0.11)

6.8, 6.3–7.5

(0.04)

6.3, 5.9–6.9

(– 0.19)

6.6, 6.2–7.2

(– 0.04)

7.0, 6.3–7.9

(0.14)

6.6, 6.2–7.6

14.15

0.015

Girls (n = 292)

n = 51

n = 45

n = 52

n = 60

n = 46

n = 38

   

 Grip strength, kg

7.6 ± 0.3*

(0.27)

8.6 ± 0.3***

(0.50)

8.4 ± 0.3***

(0.46)

8.0 ± 0.2***

(0.37)

8.0 ± 0.3***

(0.39)

6.5 ± 0.3

6.91

 < 0.001

0.11

 Standing long jump, cm

87.1 ± 2.0

(0.08)

94.9 ± 2.1**

(0.34)

83.3 ± 1.9

(0.05)

84.3 ± 1.8

(0.02)

88.9 ± 2.1

(0.15)

84.8 ± 2.3

4.40

 < 0.001

0.07

 25-m run, s

6.5, 6.0–7.5

(– 0.11)

6.9, 6.0–7.5

(– 0.09)

6.9, 6.3–7.7

(0.03)

6.7, 6.1–7.5

(–0.06)

7.5, 6.7–8.1

(0.23)

6.8, 6.3–7.8

15.39

0.009

  1. Values are mean ± standard error or median and interquartile range
  2. Values in parentheses indicate effect size (r)
  3. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001 vs. survey in 2021