Table 1 Baseline characteristics

Sex, male, n (%)

3 (42.9)

2 (50.0)

0.819

Age

26 (24–29)

42 (34–42)

0.018*

Body surface area (m²)

1.6 (1.5–1.8)

1.6 (1.4–1.7)

0.571

Physiologic parameters

 SpO₂ (%)

98 (98–99)

98 (97–99)

0.756

 HR (bpm)

67 (66–77)

67 (56–76)

0.569

 sBP (mmHg)

113 (56–128)

110 (95–121)

0.448

 SVI (mL/m²)

53 (47–56)

51 (39–52)

0.394

 CI (L/min/m²)

3.4 (2.9–4.1)

3.0 (2.7–3.5)

0.156

Venous gas analysis

 pH

7.35 (7.35–7.38)

7.37 (7.34–7.40)

0.636

 CO₂ (mmHg)

50.9 (45.9–56.0)

53.7 (52.0–58.9)

0.508

 HCO₃⁻ (mmol/L)

28.7 (27.4–30.9)

31.2 (30.8–31.8)

0.155

 Lactate (mmol/L)

0.55 (0.30–0.67)

0.63 (0.47–0.98)

0.298