Fig. 3
Height of English factory children in 1833 compared with the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) references. The heights of the factory children are shown as deficits, in cm, to both the 50th percentile and the 5th percentile of the NCHS references. Original figure by B Bogin, first appeared in Bogin (2021), based on Chadwick’s data as published by Tanner [14]