Table 1 Evaluation of subjective sleep quality using the Oguri–Shirakawa–Azumi sleep inventory, middle-aged and aged version, before and after interventions in the exercise and control groups

Factor I (sleepiness on rising)

51.5 ± 6.6

55.8 ± 5.0

45.7 ± 5.7

44.3 ± 6.1

Factor II (initiation and maintenance of sleep)

42.9 ± 13.4

51.7 ± 12.1

41.0 ± 8.7

44.1 ± 11.2

Factor III (frequent dreaming)

49.4 ± 14.4

54.7 ± 5.4

43.4 ± 12.4

43.9 ± 14.5

Factor IV (refreshing)

43.6 ± 14.4

56.2 ± 7.8*

46.9 ± 9.5

46.1 ± 8.5

Factor V (sleep length)

44.0 ± 6.6

58.8 ± 9.6*

51.7 ± 8.6

47.0 ± 9.1