Table 1 Participant's characteristics (n = 88)

Dominant forearm

 Right

81

(92.0)

-

 Left

7

(8.0)

-

Age (years)

-

21.7

(2.3)

BMI (kg/m²)

-

20.2

(2.4)

Body fat percentage (%)

-

25.3

(4.9)

Body muscle mass (%)

-

35.7

(4.0)

Body temperature (°C)

-

36.6

(0.2)

Forearm area (cm²)

-

170.5

(18.3)

Pulse rate (beats/min)

-

67.4

(11.5)

Systolic BP (mmHg)

-

100.4

(7.5)

Diastolic BP (mmHg)

-

75.7

(18.5)

Venous diameter (mm)

 Before Tourniquet only

-

3.16

(0.77)

 After Tourniquet only

-

3.51

(0.84)

Venous depth (mm)

 Before tourniquet only

-

4.12

(1.55)

 After tourniquet only

-

3.82

(1.45)

Failure of venipuncture

 Never

60

(68.2)

 Rarely

7

(8.0)

 Sometimes

7

(8.0)

Often

14

(15.9)