Table 2 Changes in the variables during 2-week fructose consumption in the randomized controlled trial

Age (year)

22.1±1.4

21.7±1.6

0.568

Height (cm)

175.9±5.8

171.0±5.3

0.056

Weight (kg)

63.8±7.2

63.6±6.6

− 0.3±0.8

60.6±6.1

60.5±6.1

−0.1±0.5

0.591

BMI (kg/m²)

20.6±2.1

20.5±2.0

− 0.1±0.3

20.7±1.8

20.7±1.9

−0.1±0.2

0.736

Body fat (%)

14.6±3.8

15.3±3.1

0.7±1.2

15.1±3.3

15.8±4.0

0.7±1.1

0.926

Blood metabolic parameters

 Glucose (mg/dL)

98.0±8.5

93.4±6.0

− 4.6±9.3

90.9±4.4

91.7±7.8

0.9±8.4

0.173

 FFA (mEq/L)

0.24±0.13

0.20±0.13

− 0.04±0.19

0.27±0.08

0.29±0.27

0.02±0.28

0.835*

 Triglyceride (mg/dL)

63.0±23.0

83.0±58.0

20.0±59.0

58.0±26.0

59.0±21.0

1.0±27.0

0.505*

 Total cholesterol (mg/dL)

165.0±28.0

168.0±31.0

3.0±10.0

167.0±23.0

167.0±27.0

−1.0±13.0

0.477

 HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)

60.0±11.0

59.0±9.0

0.0±6.0

56.0±9.0

54.0±10.0

−2.0±4.0

0.256*

 LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)

92.0±24.0

90.0±22.0

− 1.0±8.0

100.0±24.0

98.0±22.0

2.0±14.0

0.884

 FGF21(pg/mL)

125±74

182±174

57±144

158±59

227±183

68±169

0.505*

Dietary consumption (/day)

 Energy (kcal)

1914±524

1726±647

− 188.0±589.7

1433±415

1492±518

58.4±310.8

0.253

 Protein (g)

63.8±20.7

59.6±25.5

− 4.1±17.7

49.7±15.2

53.4±20.3

3.7±12.9

0.267

 Fat (g)

68.6±20.6

63.6±27.0

− 4.9±18.0

51.9±15.9

54.4±18.0

2.4±9.4

0.262

 Carbohydrate (g)

239.4±72.3

206.6±78.2

− 32.8±101.0

180.2±56.0

185.4±70.0

5.2±56.6

0.308

PA (METs-h/week)

51.9±36.9

67.8±54.7

15.8±45.4

59.7±69.5

76.8±122

17.1±58.5

0.123*

BAT activity (°C)

 Baseline

0.49±0.22

0.55±0.24

0.06±0.14

0.47±0.21

0.47±0.13

0.00±0.19

0.433

 30-min cold exposure

0.87±0.43

0.86±0.35

− 0.02±0.21

0.78±0.32

0.70±0.35

−0.08±0.26

0.536

 60-min cold exposure

0.93±0.42

0.92±0.40

− 0.01±0.11

0.93±0.25

0.76±0.36

−0.17±0.31

0.128

 Maximal activity

1.00±0.40

1.00±0.34

0.00±0.09

0.94±0.25

0.87±0.32

−0.07±0.23

0.366